...as through the use of Braille’.114 III.10 Special protection against CRSV is owed to population in occupied territory🔗 In situations of occupation, occupying States (also known as occupying powers) have heightened duties under IHL. Territory is considered occupied when under the authority of adverse foreign armed forces,115 and the occupation extends only to the territory where such authority has been established and can be exercised.116 If this is the case, occupying powers must take measures to......to reader A detailed explanation of IHL on occupation is beyond the scope of the Guidebook. For a breakdown of the relevant legal provisions, see ICRC, ‘Occupation’. Justice and Accountability🔗 III.11 States must ensure victims/survivors of CRSV who have been deprived of their liberty (including POWs) have access to reporting procedures🔗 Persons deprived of their liberty must have the right to complain about the conditions they are being detained in to the authorities in whose......especially at risk group. An occupying State must not hinder the application of any preferential measures in regard to medical care and protection against the effects of war which may have been adopted prior to the occupation in their favour.83 States are encouraged to establish hospital and safety zones in their own territory or occupied areas to host civilian ‘expectant mothers and mothers of children under seven years’.84 In an IAC, maternity cases and expectant......extent possible, ensuring the provision of food and medical supplies to the population under occupation, as well as sufficient hygiene and public health standards;124 Refraining from requisitioning civilian hospitals;125 Allowing humanitarian organisations to continue their activities;126 Ensuring the effective administration of justice by allowing the occupied territory’s courts to continue to function and apply that territory’s penal laws.127 This obligation may be particularly relevant to occupied States that have already addressed sexual violence in legislation. Note......any manner whatsoever, find themselves, in case of a conflict or occupation, in the hands of a Party to the conflict or Occupying Power of which they are not nationals’, which covers the sick and wounded, medical personnel, POWs and civilians.146 Sexual violence amounts to torture or inhuman treatment when ‘inflicted on the physical and moral integrity of a person by means of threat, intimidation or force, in such a way as to degrade or...

...themselves’.16 The Committee has stated that the term ‘conflict’ can be interpreted to include a variety of circumstances: ‘conflict prevention, international and non-international armed conflicts, situations of foreign occupation and other forms of occupation and the post-conflict phase’.17 The meaning of ‘conflict’ under the CEDAW is more extensive than in IHL, as it may also cover ‘internal disturbances, protracted and low-intensity civil strife, political strife, ethnic and communal violence, states of emergency and suppression of mass......extraterritorial jurisdiction, whether acting individually or as members of international or intergovernmental organisations or coalitions; Respect, protect and fulfil the CEDAW in situations of foreign occupation.54 III.5 Decentralisation of power does not negate or reduce States’ obligations concerning CRSV🔗 Decentralisation of power ‘through devolution and delegation of Government powers’ does not negate or reduce the direct responsibility of the State’s national or federal Government to fulfil its obligations to all women within its jurisdiction.55 As......against women which normalise and promote sexual violence against women and girls. When necessary, States should ensure they fall within the legal definition of child pornography.108 III.9 States must provide girls with safe access to education🔗 In conflict, students attending classes in schools under occupation by State and non-State armed groups ‘may be exposed to physical or sexual abuse, with girls at greater risk than boys’.109 States should: Enact legislation, revise military practice and policy...

...law.37 This includes prohibited acts committed ‘not only on board a ship or aircraft registered by a State party, but also during military occupation or peacekeeping operations and in such places as embassies, military bases, detention facilities, or other areas over which a State exercises factual or effective control’.38 The CAT must also be applied to protect ‘any person, citizen or non-citizen without discrimination’ that is subject to a State Party’s control. The State’s obligation to...