...to gain access to the education system and to lead a decent life. Subsequently, because she was a child with HIV, the obstacles that Talía suffered in access to education had a negative impact on her overall development, which is also a differentiated impact taking into account the role of education in overcoming gender stereotypes. As a child with HIV, she required greater support from the State to implement her life project. As a woman,......needs and desires of victims/survivors, but also that victims/survivors actively participate in the design and development of education and advocacy tools to realise their legal rights to justice, accountability, and redress. Note to reader In line with the Committee against Torture’s General Comment 3, a person should be considered a victim ‘regardless of whether the perpetrator of the violation is identified, apprehended, prosecuted or convicted’, and regardless of any familial or other relationship between the......several factors such as the fact that ‘she was a woman, a person with HIV, a person with a disability, a minor, and due to her socio-economic status’, increasing her vulnerability and exacerbating the harm she suffered.21 In this sense, the discrimination suffered by the applicant was multiple. The Court, in finding that the State had violated the applicant’s right to education among other rights, indicated that the discrimination ‘was caused not only by numerous......decent work and face occupational segregation and gender wage gaps. They are too often denied access to basic education and health care. Women in all parts of the world suffer violence and discrimination. They are under-represented in political and economic decision-making processes.34 The inferior status frequently accorded to women ‘is entrenched in history, culture and tradition’, and places them at risk of ‘specific violations such as gender-based violence, trafficking and sex discrimination’.35 In conflict, sexual......violence against women and girls is widespread and used as a war tactic:36 a majority of the 3300 cases of CRSV that the UN was able to verify in 2021 were women and girls (this number is not representative of the full scale and prevalence of CRSV).37 Children. Children are largely dependent on adults for their basic needs, including food, health care and education. Yet, circumstances force many to manage by themselves. Millions of children,...

...not be interpreted as spreading knowledge only: while awareness of the law may act as a deterrent, it is not enough to generate respect. ‘Doctrine, education, training and equipment, as well as sanctions, are key factors in shaping the behaviour of weapon bearers during operations’.48 States should issue military materials on IHL and CRSV or integrate them into their field manuals. They may develop detailed materials, courses and movies for the teaching of their armed...

...regardless of their nationality and residence status, and provide them with the necessary identity documentation.40 III.8 States must educate their population on CRSV🔗 Under article 2(1), States undertake to pursue a policy of eliminating racial discrimination and promoting understanding among all races. Under article 7, States ‘undertake to adopt immediate and effective measures, particularly in the fields of teaching, education, culture and information, with a view to combating prejudices which lead to racial discrimination’. States......awareness-raising campaigns ‘on respect for diversity and the elimination of racial discrimination’;42 Undertake information campaigns ‘among the population, in particular of persons belonging to minority groups’,43 including migrants,44 ‘about the mechanisms and procedures provided for in national legislation on racism and discrimination’,45 particularly ‘on the prohibition and negative effects of gender-based violence’ and the remedies available.46 States should make educational material ‘available in a variety of languages’;47 Ensure that their periodic reports to the Committee under article 9 are......made readily available to the general public ‘as soon as they are submitted’. States should publicise reports and the Committee’s concluding observations with respect to these reports ‘in the official and other commonly used languages, as appropriate’.48 Training. ‘To ensure that State forces and groups under its control do not perpetrate sexual violence’,49 States should ‘take preventive measures such as police training and public education campaigns on the criminal nature’ of CRSV.50 Training ‘on the provisions of......relevant and accessible;105 Improve access to maternal health care, family planning, pre- and post- natal care and emergency obstetric services; Facilitate access to adequate contraceptive and family planning methods.106 States should ensure that women and girls are consulted for the provision of such services;107 Provide adequate sexual education aimed at the prevention of unintended pregnancies and sexually-transmitted infections;108 Mitigate the risks faced by women seeking an abortion and by health providers assisting them, and ensure that...

...and introduce training to prohibit national armed forces and armed groups from using or occupying schools or other educational facilities in a manner that violates IHL and/or the right to education; Bearing in mind Security Council resolutions on women and peace and security, institute measures to protect female students and teachers from physical and sexual abuse by State and non-State actors occupying educational institutions;110 Provide pregnant girls, girls with young children and children born of......freely and fully’98 enjoying their rights.99 Appropriate measures include: Integration of content on gender equality into curricula at all levels of education, both public and private, with a human rights approach. The content should target stereotyped gender roles and promote the values of gender equality and non-discrimination, including non-violent masculinities, and ensure accurate comprehensive sexuality education for all; Awareness-raising programmes that: Promote an understanding of gender-based violence against women as unacceptable and harmful; Provide information about......rape with access to free and quality school education;111 Develop programmes for conflict-affected girls who leave school early so that they can be reintegrated into schools or universities as soon as possible; Promptly repair and rebuild school infrastructure;112 Assess and address the impact of armed conflict on girls’ and women’s access to education.113 III.10 States must provide women with access to safe employment🔗 During and after conflict, women are often forced to look for alternative......a strong association between gender-based violence and HIV, including the deliberate transmission of HIV, as a weapon of war, through rape.244 States should: Ensure, without prejudice or discrimination, the right to sexual health information, education and services for all women and girls, even if not legally resident in the country. States Parties should provide adolescents with sexual and reproductive health education by properly trained personnel in programmes ‘that respect their right to privacy and confidentiality’;245 Provide......or in their national legislation, provisions that allow for the adoption of temporary special measures,43 ‘in particular in the areas of employment, education and participation in political and public life’.44 Temporary special measures are temporary measures aimed at accelerating equality between men and women in practice (such as quotas)45 that must be immediately discontinued when the objectives of equality of opportunity and treatment have been achieved. States should: Analyse women’s situation in both the private and public spheres...

...education, interrogation, investigation and complaints, but ‘does not limit effective prevention to these articles’. The conditions that give rise to ill-treatment ‘frequently facilitate torture and therefore the measures required to prevent torture must be applied to prevent ill-treatment’.27 Restrictive definitions. Legislation criminalising CRSV cannot be restrictive in the way it defines sexual violence: instead, it should do so ‘in accordance with international standards and jurisprudence related to the prosecution of war crimes of sexual violence’.28 States should......of their liberty under the juvenile justice system ‘maintain regular contact with their families and, in particular, inform parents where their children are being held’;152 Ensure that children in conflict with the law are tried in juvenile courts by specialised judges;153 Develop new educational and rehabilitation programmes aimed at reducing juvenile reoffenders and encouraging pro-social behaviour, and provide adequate recreational activities to help children deprived of their liberty reintegrate into society;154 In the case of......unaccompanied children and young asylum-seekers, ensure that, when the age of an unaccompanied child is uncertain, verification is made before placing the child in detention. The State Party should pay particular attention to young asylum-seekers and use detention as a last resort. The State Party should also provide unaccompanied minors with assistance, accommodation and follow-up and, in particular, ‘provide adequate housing and education for young returnees awaiting expulsion’;155 Take measures to bring the conditions of......against women and children. States should ensure that children are educated about violence against women and children by ‘training teachers, using new educational technology and developing training courses, curricula and textbook content’;160 Widely disseminate reports submitted by States to the Committee and the Committee’s concluding observations,161 in appropriate languages (including Indigenous)162 and through official websites, media and non-governmental organisations.163 Training of law enforcement personnel and others. Under article 10, States must fully include the prohibition against torture in......minority groups and women, ‘particularly in the medical, educational, prison/detention, law enforcement, judicial and legal fields, within State institutions as well as the private sector’.172 Diversification of the police force is helpful in the prevention of torture, ill-treatment and deaths in custody.173 III.8 States must monitor the measures taken to eradicate CRSV and report on them to the Committee🔗 Under article 19, States must submit reports to the Committee on the measures they have taken to...

...including those based on sex and age, in all areas of life’. Women with disabilities are particularly exposed to compounded stereotypes that can be harmful.54 Education plays a vital role ‘in combating traditional notions of gender that perpetuate patriarchal and paternalistic societal frameworks’. States parties must ensure access for and the retention of girls and women with disabilities in education and rehabilitation services, including by eliminating ‘harmful gender and/or disability stereotypes in textbooks and curricula’;55......on Sexuality Education (2018) of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization;113 Provide ’emergency medical services for persons with disabilities who are victims of sexual violence’114 and ‘take the measures necessary to ensure that the autonomy and decisions of women with disabilities are respected, that women’s rights in relation to reproductive health are secured, that access to safe abortion is provided, and that women with disabilities are protected from forced sterilization and forced abortion’;115......the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities General Comments Decisions Concluding Observations Note to reader On the authoritativeness and the question of bindingness of the Committee’s work, consult the “International Human Rights Law” chapter, “Introduction” section, and the “Introduction” chapter, “Methodology” section. III. Obligations🔗 Prevention🔗 III.1 States must criminalise CRSV🔗 States must take ‘all appropriate legislative, administrative, social, educational and other measures’ to protect persons with disabilities from......deprived of their liberty in places such as psychiatric institutions, on the basis of actual or perceived impairment, are subject to higher levels of violence, as well as to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and are segregated and exposed to the risk of sexual violence and trafficking within care and special education institutions’.30 Women, in particular, face ‘involuntary undressing by male staff against the will of the woman concerned; forced administration of psychiatric......with disabilities’ and ‘increase the visibility of persons with disabilities in society’;56 Fostering at all levels of the education system, including in all children from an early age, an attitude of respect for the rights of persons with disabilities. States should also translate the Convention and its Optional Protocol and the Committee’s work into the local languages and disseminate it widely in accessible formats;57 Encouraging media to portray persons with disabilities in a respectful manner...

...cause of the violation’.42 III.2 States must educate their population on CRSV🔗 Under article 25, States must promote and ensure through teaching, education and publication, the respect and understanding of the rights and freedoms contained in the Charter. States should create educational programmes and materials ‘that promote gender equality, combat discrimination and violence against women, and challenge sexist and gender stereotypes’. These programmes and materials should: Include specific modules on sex education, all forms of......sexual violence, its causes and consequences and sexual and reproductive health; Be developed by specialists and age-appropriate, and adapted to young people’s learning capabilities; Be provided at all educational levels in all schools and universities and other educational settings.43 Additionally, States should encourage and support: Public education initiatives, ‘awareness-raising campaigns regarding the prohibition and prevention of torture and the rights of detained persons’.44 Awareness-raising campaigns focusing on sexual violence should cover its causes, the different forms......HIV/AIDS’; The right to be informed on their health status and on the health status of their partner, ‘in accordance with internationally recognised standards and best practices’; The right to have ‘family planning education’. States should make such education ‘available, accessible, acceptable and of good quality.143 States must provide women with: Adequate, affordable and accessible health services, ‘including information, education and communication programmes’, especially in rural areas; Pre-natal, delivery and post-natal health and nutritional services......it takes ‘and its consequences’. These campaigns should combat the perception that sexual violence represents an offence ‘to the honour of a person, their family or community’. They should inform people about the laws enacted ‘to combat violence against women and/or sexual violence, their provisions and the remedies available to victims under these laws’;45 The work of NGOs and of the media ‘in public education, the dissemination of information and awareness-raising concerning the prohibition and......personnel, including personnel deployed in peacekeeping operations, and other relevant officials in contact with persons deprived of their liberty such as lawyers and medical personnel.50 States should also provide professionals with training, including teachers, instructors and others who work in the education sector, psychologists and social workers, traditional and religious leaders and other stakeholders in religious institutions, and the private sector.51 III.3 Special protection against CRSV is owed to persons susceptible to discrimination🔗 Under article...

...domestic violence. Under article 14, States must also disseminate teaching material on issues ‘such as equality between women and men, non-stereotyped gender roles, mutual respect, non-violent conflict resolution in interpersonal relationships, gender-based violence against women and the right to personal integrity’. States must do so in ‘informal educational facilities, as well as in sports, cultural and leisure facilities and the media’ and, if possible, with the participation of ‘the private sector, the information and communication......Response🔗 IV.11 States must provide victims/survivors of CRSV with appropriate care🔗 Under article 18, States must take ‘measures to protect all victims from any further acts of violence’. Measures to protect victims/survivors include: Access to services ‘facilitating their recovery from violence’, including ‘legal and psychological counselling, financial assistance, housing, education, training and assistance in finding employment’; Access to adequately resourced health care and social services provided by professionals ‘trained to assist victims’;132 Immediate, short- and...

...a detainee by a State agent is an especially gross and reprehensible act due to the victim’s vulnerability and the agent’s abuse of power.62 III.6 States must educate their population on CRSV🔗 The Court has welcomed measures that some States have adopted to end sexual violence, such as: Workshops and courses on violence in the education system; Protocols to address the prevention of sexual violence; and Education and awareness campaigns to disseminate information on sexual......and reproductive health, and gender-based and sexual violence, to the entire population.63 In accordance with their level of maturity, States must incorporate adequate, timely information in compulsory school education materials to provide students with the necessary tools to prevent, identify and report risks and instances of sexual violence, including information on the importance of consent in sexual relationships.64 Under article 8 of the Convention of Belém do Pará, States must also establish education programs to:......private sphere’. Violence against women is not only a violation of human rights, but also ‘an offense against human dignity’. It is a manifestation of ‘the historically unequal power relations between women and men’ that ‘pervades every sector of society, regardless of class, race, or ethnic group, income, culture, level of education, age or religion’.24 I.2 When is Sexual Violence Conflict-Related?🔗 The Inter-American System on Human Rights is applicable during both times of peace and......newspaper in an accessible format, and make the judgment available, for at least one year, on the government’s website.157 Measures of satisfaction have been varied: for victims/survivors of sexual violence and their next of kin who suffered ‘changes in their life projects, with an impact on their personal and professional development’, including university studies, the Court has ordered the State responsible to grant scholarships in a public higher education establishment.158 Guarantees of non-repetition. Guarantees of non-repetition...

...attacks while attempting to access and/or continue education at school and on the way to and from school. Attacks include rape and other forms of sexual violence such as sexual slavery, threats of attacks, abductions, forced marriage, human trafficking, and any resulting stigma and grave consequences on their health, all of which may further impede the continuation of their education. States should foster an enabling and secure environment to ensure safe access to education.96 III.7......post-conflict situations’. They should ensure that prevention and response are non-discriminatory and specific. Further, they should respect the rights and prioritise the needs of victims/survivors, including groups that are particularly vulnerable or may be specifically targeted, ‘notably in the context of their health, education, and participation’.80 Refugees and internally displaced persons are a particularly vulnerable group. Civilians, especially women and children, account for the vast majority of those adversely affected by armed conflict, including as......including their recruitment and use in conflict in violation of international law.93 All parties to armed conflicts should ‘take special measures to protect children, in particular girls, from rape and other forms of sexual abuse and gender-based violence’.94 Governments have the primary role and responsibility in providing protection and relief to all children affected by armed conflict, and should strengthen national capacities in this regard.95 Education. The Council has expressed deep concern about girls being the target of......of sexual violence in conflict including in detention settings’.149 Ideally, this will ‘contribute to lifting the sociocultural stigma attached to this category of crime and facilitate rehabilitation and reintegration efforts’.150 In consultation with women’s organisations, States should ensure that services address women’s and children’s needs and priorities by covering, among other things, ‘support for greater physical security and better socio-economic conditions, through education, income generating activities, access to basic services, in particular health services, including sexual...